Resolution is a real complex topic. Sure there’s the issue of how many pixels you have per inch (or millimeter) of your field of view, but there’s also the question of the resolving power of the lens and the actual size of the pixels on your sensor.
What it really boils down to is how many line pairs per millimeter can you see?
Line pair?
Imagine a series of black and white stripes. One black and one white is a line pair. Now you know that if you put these really close together – say 12 pairs per inch - your camera will cease to show you solid black transitioning to perfect white (or 0 to 255 in grayscale values) but in fact you’ll see some blurring. And as the line pairs get finer, (more line pairs per inch,) the blurring will increase. After a while you’ll notice the transitions are more like 30 to 220, and as you pack in ever more line pairs eventually it will all blur down to a grey stripe.
But this is just generalities. If you want to get specific I suggest you start by reading this excellent note by John Titus of Test & Measurement World.
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